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Volume 6 Issue 4
Apr.  2024
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Article Navigation >  International Journal of Extreme Manufacturing  > 2024  >  6(4): 042002

Wang H et al. 2024. Two-photon polymerization lithography for imaging optics. Int. J. Extrem. Manuf. 6 042001.
Citation: Wang H et al. 2024. Two-photon polymerization lithography for imaging optics. Int. J. Extrem. Manuf. 6 042001.
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Two-photon polymerization lithography for imaging optics


doi: 10.1088/2631-7990/ad35fe
More Information

  • 1 College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People's Republic of China;

  • 2 Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore;

  • 3 Greater Bay Area Institute for Innovation, Hunan University, Guangzhou 511300, People's Republic of China;

  • 4 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore,;

  • 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117576, Singapore;

  • 5 School of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia;

  • 6 Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, 07745 Jena, Germany;

  • 7 Abbe Center of Photonics and Faculty of Physics, FSU Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany;

  • 8 Otto Schott Institute of Material Research, FSU Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany;

  • 9 Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR(Agency for Science Technology and Research), Singapore 138634, Singapore;

  • 10 Industrial Technology Center of Wakayama Prefecture, Wakayama 6496261, Japan;

  • 11 School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore;

  • 12 Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom

  • Publish Date: 2024-04-19

  • Optical imaging systems have greatly extended human visual capabilities, enabling the observation and understanding of diverse phenomena. Imaging technologies span a broad spectrum of wavelengths from x-ray to radio frequencies and impact research activities and our daily lives. Traditional glass lenses are fabricated through a series of complex processes, while polymers offer versatility and ease of production. However, modern applications often require complex lens assemblies, driving the need for miniaturization and advanced designs with micro- and nanoscale features to surpass the capabilities of traditional fabrication methods. Three-dimensional (3D) printing, or additive manufacturing, presents a solution to these challenges with benefits of rapid prototyping, customized geometries, and efficient production, particularly suited for miniaturized optical imaging devices. Various 3D printing methods have demonstrated advantages over traditional counterparts, yet challenges remain in achieving nanoscale resolutions. Two-photon polymerization lithography (TPL), a nanoscale 3D printing technique, enables the fabrication of intricate structures beyond the optical diffraction limit via the nonlinear process of two-photon absorption within liquid resin. It offers unprecedented abilities, e.g. alignment-free fabrication, micro- and nanoscale capabilities, and rapid prototyping of almost arbitrary complex 3D nanostructures. In this review, we emphasize the importance of the criteria for optical performance evaluation of imaging devices, discuss material properties relevant to TPL, fabrication techniques, and highlight the application of TPL in optical imaging. As the first panoramic review on this topic, it will equip researchers with foundational knowledge and recent advancements of TPL for imaging optics, promoting a deeper understanding of the field. By leveraging on its high-resolution capability, extensive material range, and true 3D processing, alongside advances in materials, fabrication, and design, we envisage disruptive solutions to current challenges and a promising incorporation of TPL in future optical imaging applications.

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Two-photon polymerization lithography for imaging optics

doi: 10.1088/2631-7990/ad35fe
  • 1 College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People's Republic of China;
  • 2 Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore;
  • 3 Greater Bay Area Institute for Innovation, Hunan University, Guangzhou 511300, People's Republic of China;
  • 4 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore,;
  • 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117576, Singapore;
  • 5 School of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia;
  • 6 Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, 07745 Jena, Germany;
  • 7 Abbe Center of Photonics and Faculty of Physics, FSU Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany;
  • 8 Otto Schott Institute of Material Research, FSU Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany;
  • 9 Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR(Agency for Science Technology and Research), Singapore 138634, Singapore;
  • 10 Industrial Technology Center of Wakayama Prefecture, Wakayama 6496261, Japan;
  • 11 School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore;
  • 12 Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
  • Publish Date: 2024-04-19

Abstract: 

Optical imaging systems have greatly extended human visual capabilities, enabling the observation and understanding of diverse phenomena. Imaging technologies span a broad spectrum of wavelengths from x-ray to radio frequencies and impact research activities and our daily lives. Traditional glass lenses are fabricated through a series of complex processes, while polymers offer versatility and ease of production. However, modern applications often require complex lens assemblies, driving the need for miniaturization and advanced designs with micro- and nanoscale features to surpass the capabilities of traditional fabrication methods. Three-dimensional (3D) printing, or additive manufacturing, presents a solution to these challenges with benefits of rapid prototyping, customized geometries, and efficient production, particularly suited for miniaturized optical imaging devices. Various 3D printing methods have demonstrated advantages over traditional counterparts, yet challenges remain in achieving nanoscale resolutions. Two-photon polymerization lithography (TPL), a nanoscale 3D printing technique, enables the fabrication of intricate structures beyond the optical diffraction limit via the nonlinear process of two-photon absorption within liquid resin. It offers unprecedented abilities, e.g. alignment-free fabrication, micro- and nanoscale capabilities, and rapid prototyping of almost arbitrary complex 3D nanostructures. In this review, we emphasize the importance of the criteria for optical performance evaluation of imaging devices, discuss material properties relevant to TPL, fabrication techniques, and highlight the application of TPL in optical imaging. As the first panoramic review on this topic, it will equip researchers with foundational knowledge and recent advancements of TPL for imaging optics, promoting a deeper understanding of the field. By leveraging on its high-resolution capability, extensive material range, and true 3D processing, alongside advances in materials, fabrication, and design, we envisage disruptive solutions to current challenges and a promising incorporation of TPL in future optical imaging applications.

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